General Oceanography Essay Assignment

General Oceanography Essay Assignment

Table of Contents

Assignment ID Number	AFFGEHU83939HD
Type of Document	Essay
Writing Format	APA/MLA/Harvard
Academic Level	Masters/University
References/Sources	4 References

Instructions:

General Oceanography Essay Assignment

Each essay answer should be 150-250 words long, roughly 10 to 15 sentences. Begin your answers at first principles, be as thorough and comprehensive, as time allows, and do not assume that the grader knows anything about the subject matter.

1. Describe chemical composition of seawater and the sources of the chemical constituents that compose this liquid.
2. Describe the variation in sea surface water temperature, from the equator to the polar regions, both north and south, and explain the cause of this variation.
3. What is meant by the term, sea surface salinity, and describe the variation in sea surface salinity, from the equator to the polar regions, both north and south, and explain the factors that contribute to this variation.
4. How is oceanic salinity measured and calculated?
5. Describe the variation in ocean temperature, from the sea surface to the deep water (assuming a water depth of 5000 meters), and explain the factors that contribute to this variation.
6. How is ocean temperature measured?
7. What is meant by the term, seawater density, and describe the variation in seawater density, from the sea surface to the deep water (assuming a water depth of 5000 meters), and explain the factors that contribute to this variation.
8. Describe the physical and chemical conditions in roughly 75% of the world ocean, and the processes that influence these conditions.
9. What is meant by the term, dissolved oxygen in seawater, and describe the variation in dissolved oxygen in seawater, from the sea surface to the deep water (assuming a water depth of 5000 meters), and explain the factors that contribute to this variation.

10.What is meant by the term, bio limiting nutrients, and describe the variation in bio limiting nutrients in seawater, from the sea surface to the deep water (assuming a water depth of 5000 meters), and explain the factors that contribute to this variation.

11.What is meant by the term, bio limiting nutrients, and describe the variation in bio limiting nutrients in the surface water, from the equator to the polar regions, both north and south, and from the middle of the ocean to the coastline? Explain the factors that contribute to this variation.

12.What is meant by the term, marine primary productivity, and describe the variation in primary productivity in the surface water, from the equator to the polar regions, both north and south, and from the middle of the ocean to the coastline? Explain the factors that contribute to this variation.

13. What is meant by the term, trophic pyramid, and describe how this relates to a marine food web?
14. What is meant by the term, biological pump, and describe how this term relates to the transport and storage on carbon, and nutrients, in the ocean environment?
15. Describe the conditions that an organism experiences in the mid- water (twilight) environment and give an example of how these conditions might influence the metabolism, features or lifestyle of an organism in this environment.
16. Describe 5 examples of how scientists study the waters below the surface (mixed) layer and the organisms contained therein.
17. Describe how scientists locate hydrothermal vents on the seafloor.
18. Describe the complete cycle of hydrothermal circulation that results chimney features at seafloor vents.
19. Describe how hydrothermal circulation influences ocean salinity?

20.Describe the fluids that are expelled from a hydrothermal vent, and how these fluids support a marine ecosystem.

21.Describe how life-sustaining energy is obtained and converted into organic matter, and how this conversion forms of the basis for the hydrothermal vent ecosystem.

22. Describe the environmental conditions that organisms experience at a hydrothermal vent.
23. What is a harmful algal bloom (HAB), how might human activities contribute to the formation of HABs, and how might such a bloom influence a marine food web all the way up to marine mammals.
24. What is a “dead zone” and describe how this feature commonly forms in some coastal regions?
25. What is meant by the term, ocean acidification, explain how it is formed, and the potential impact on some organisms that make their shells out of calcium carbonate?

26.What is meant by the term, iron fertilization, explain what it was designed to potentially counteract and how, and what are some of the concerns about its long-term implementation?

27.Describe the Sofa experiment, including some of the previous research that laid the groundwork for the project, the question that was addressed, the nature of the methodologies used in the experiment to test the iron hypothesis, and the results of the experiment.

General Oceanography Essay Assignment

RUBRIC QUALITY OF RESPONSE NO RESPONSE POOR / UNSATISFACTORY SATISFACTORY GOOD EXCELLENT Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) Zero points:  Student failed to submit the final paper. 20 points out of 50:  The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. 30 points out of 50:  The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately.  Elements of the required response may also be lacking. 40 points out of 50:  The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples.  The answer is complete. 50 points:  The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples.  No aspects of the required answer are missing. Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). Zero points:  Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. 5 out 20 points:  Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. 10 out 20 points:  References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated.  Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. 15 out 20 points:  Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented.  APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors.  There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. 20 points:  Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented.  APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) Zero points:  Student failed to submit the final paper. 5 points out of 20:  The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors  10 points out 20:  The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors 15 points out of 20:  The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. 20 points:  The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) Zero points:  Student failed to submit the final paper. 3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. 5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements.  The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper 7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. 10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper.
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